Tumor Microenvironment as a Key Target for Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer Patients

Lung cancer with a five-year survival rate of less than 20% is currently one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Cell-based immunotherapy showed promising results over the past two decades, but some patients still experience disease progression. Numerous studies identified the critical role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression, immune evasion, and treatment response. The dynamic interplay between the tumor and its surrounding microenvironment significantly influences both tumor behavior and the immune response. One of the critical components of this interplay is how essential nutrients and structural support are involved in tumor growth per se and cancer pathophysiology in general. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms and molecular players critical to the tumor microenvironment is crucial to optimize immunotherapy strategies. This review examines key therapeutic targets in lung cancer, uncovering the complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.