This paper presents the theoretical foundations of methods for determining the trajectory parameters of airborne threats to combat vehicles while eliminating the need for continuous target illumination by a laser rangefinder. This issue is particularly relevant in the context of modern combat operations, as demonstrated by the Anti-Terrorist Operation and the Joint Forces Operation in Eastern Ukraine from 2014 to 2022, as well as the full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine ongoing since February 24, 2022. These experiences convincingly show that combat vehicles, primarily main battle tanks, continue to play a key role on the battlefield, being the most effective means for deployment in strategically and tactically critical directions of armed confrontation. At the same time, adversaries employ a wide range of anti-tank weapons, among which airborne threats (ATWs) pose a particular danger. This highlights the urgent need for objective assessment of the protection and survivability of combat vehicles under combat conditions, taking into account all contributing factors. In the discrete timing method, the distance to the target is measured twice at fixed time intervals using a laser rangefinder, allowing the calculation of the object’s speed and direction without continuous illumination. Special attention is given to passive optical measurements implemented using two methods: “with a base on the target” and “with a base on the rangefinder.” The first method uses the target’s dimensions as a base; however, its effectiveness is limited due to the small size of airborne threats and long observation distances, complicating accurate trajectory determination. The second method is based on measuring elements of the rangefinder triangle, where one side corresponds to the sought distance to the target and the other to the known distance between observation points, improving the accuracy of object coordinate and velocity determination. Additionally, a semi-active method is proposed for determining trajectory parameters with a one-time use of the laser rangefinder, assuming the object moves at a constant altitude, which reduces the risk of revealing the combat vehicle’s position. The implementation of these methods enhances the survivability of combat vehicles by minimizing, or ideally eliminating, the use of laser systems that could disclose their location. As a result of receiving international technical assistance, the Armed Forces of Ukraine are being equipped with multipurpose combat vehicles characterized by high modern combat capabilities, including firepower, mobility, command controllability, protection, and survivability. The protection and survivability of these vehicles are ensured by a combined defense system, which includes passive armor, integrated dynamic and active protection, as well as a complex of other systems, devices, and measures that counter modern anti-tank and fire weapons, chemical and biological agents, and the effects of nuclear explosions. The adoption of these technologies at defense industry enterprises in Ukraine ensures effective protection of the Armed Forces’ combat vehicles by reducing the risk of detection and engagement during the determination of trajectory characteristics of airborne threats.
Bagan et al. (Wed,) studied this question.