Sexual and reproductive health experiences and outcomes of incarcerated women and gender-diverse people in Australia: a scoping review

Background Women and gender-diverse people are a fast-growing population in prisons in Australia. Incarceration can create barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive healthcare. The objective of this scoping review was to identify what is known about the sexual and reproductive health experiences, needs and outcomes of women and gender-diverse people incarcerated in Australia. Methods We used the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for systematic scoping reviews. Databases searched included PsycINFO, Gender Studies Database, MEDLINE and CINAHL. The search yielded 658 titles and abstracts of which 17 met the criteria for inclusion. Results We identified 17 studies published between 2000 and 2023 across three states. The studies included qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods designs. The main outcomes of interest included: pregnancy and maternal health, contraception, sexually transmitted infections, experiences of sexual violence, and cervical health screening and outcomes. Conclusions Evidence indicates that women and gender-diverse populations in prison in Australia experience high rates of sexually transmitted infections, poor perinatal health outcomes, and unmet needs related to contraception access and perinatal health services and programmes. The negative health impacts of incarceration are especially pronounced for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women, who face additional discriminatory institutional barriers to participating in health programmes and experience a lack of culturally safe and appropriate care.