Accountability in non-profit organisations operates through interconnected mechanisms that encompass financial disclosure, participatory engagement, and external oversight. Financial reporting, audits, and certifications demonstrate stewardship and transparency but often prioritise compliance over learning. Participatory mechanisms—such as community scorecards and participatory budgeting—rebalance power by amplifying beneficiary voices, though their transformative potential depends on meaningful design and facilitation. External monitoring by watchdogs, rating platforms, and media enhances transparency but can narrow focus to easily measured indicators. This article argues that effective accountability requires an integrated architecture combining financial assurance with learning-oriented evaluation, institutionalised participation with decision rights, and selective external scrutiny that complements internal governance. Such a balanced design strengthens legitimacy, fosters trust, and promotes adaptive organisational effectiveness.
Anna Neya Kazanskaia (Wed,) studied this question.