Green Synthesis of Ag/TiO2 and Ag/Co/TiO2 Nanocomposites from Ceratonia siliqua Extract for Antioxidant and Antibacterial Applications

Abstract A green protocol was developed to synthesize Ag/TiO 2 and Ag/Co/TiO 2 nanocomposites (NCs) through Ceratonia siliqua pod extract as a sustainable reducing and stabilizing agent. The current work is the first to report the use of C. siliqua extract for the preparation of binary and ternary metal‐oxide nanocomposites. The NCs were thoroughly characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to confirm their structural and morphological properties. Ag/Co/TiO 2 NC was found to be highly active biologically with greater antioxidant activity (IC 50 , DPPH assay) and enhanced antibacterial activity with 21.0 ± 1.34 mm ( Escherichia coli ) and 25.0 ± 1.72 mm ( Staphylococcus aureus ) zone of inhibition, greater than that of the plant extract and Ag/TiO 2 NC. The increased efficacy can be attributed to the effect of the incorporation of cobalt and silver. This green and phytochemical‐stimulated approach not only presents a new source of bioreductants ( C. siliqua ) but also a cost‐effective path toward biocompatible nanomaterials, and further investigation is warranted to investigate stability, cytotoxicity, and other biomedical uses.