Heart to Heart: Exploring Why Cardiovascular Risk Is Higher in South Asians

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading global cause of mortality, but South Asians experience a disproportionately high burden of disease, often developing CVD at younger ages and with lower body mass indices compared to other populations. This project explores the underlying genetic and lifestyle factors contributing to elevated cardiovascular risk in South Asians, aiming to highlight the need for targeted prevention strategies and policy reforms. A literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed studies, meta-analyses, and reviews published between 2007 and 2024. After screening 47 initial articles, 18 were selected for analysis based on their relevance to genetic and lifestyle risk factors in South Asian adults. The review identified several genetic markers associated with increased CVD risk, including variations in APOC3, LPA, APOA5, and others, which contribute to elevated triglyceride levels, central obesity, and insulin resistance. Lifestyle contributors such as high dietary saturated fat intake, low fruit consumption, and sedentary behavior were also strongly associated with increased CVD prevalence. The interplay between these genetic and environmental factors underscores the need for multifaceted interventions. Current cardiovascular guidelines often lack specificity for South Asians, which may lead to underdiagnosis and undertreatment. Evidence supports the implementation of culturally tailored public health initiatives, aggressive lipid and metabolic monitoring, and community-based programs to reduce risk in this population. This study emphasizes the importance of inclusive research and targeted healthcare strategies to address the unique cardiovascular risk profile of South Asians and improve health outcomes across diverse populations.