Definitions and explanatory theories of autism spectrum disorders

The article examines the increasing diagnosis rates of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and explores the main theoretical explanations for this condition. ASD is described as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, communication difficulties, and repetitive behaviors. The article reviews historical perspectives on autism, from the initial descriptions by Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger to the updated diagnostic criteria in DSM-V. The paper explores the main theories regarding the causes of autism, including psychosocial, biological, genetic, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and immunological explanations. It highlights the role of genetic influences, neuroanatomical abnormalities, and neurotransmitter dysfunctions. Additionally, three major cognitive theories associated with autism are analyzed: Theory of Mind, which explains difficulties in understanding others' intentions and emotions; Weak Central Coherence Theory, suggesting a tendency to focus on details at the expense of global understanding; and Executive Function Theory, which highlights issues with planning, cognitive flexibility, and self-control. The study emphasizes the importance of early intervention and adapting the educational environment to improve the functionality of children with autism. It also stresses the need for an individualized approach to therapy, considering the variability in symptoms and abilities of each child.