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This is a Quantitative Study study.

October 11, 2025Open Access

Assessing Fire Station Accessibility in Guiyang, a Mountainous City, with Nighttime Light and POI Data: An Application of the Enhanced 2SFCA Approach

XHXindong HeChengdu University of Technology WBWU Bo-qingChengdu University of Technology GSGuoqiang ShenShenzhen University

Key Points

Accessibility to fire stations in Guiyang shows that 80.13% of demand units are within a five-minute travel threshold, indicating some coverage limitations.
Kernel density estimation categorized POIs into four risk groups, contributing to a composite fire risk map aiding in visualizing accessibility challenges.
Applying the enhanced two-step floating catchment area method revealed that 53.25% of demand units exhibit low accessibility, impacting emergency response.
Spatial autocorrelation analysis identified high-risk areas clustered in central basins, emphasizing the need for targeted road upgrades and strategic station relocations.

Abstract

Mountainous urban areas like Guiyang face unique fire safety challenges due to rugged terrain and complex road networks, which hinder fire station accessibility. This study proposes a GIS-based framework that integrates nighttime light (NPP/VIIRS) and point of interest (POI) data to assess fire risk and accessibility. Kernel density estimation quantified POI distributions across four risk categories, and the Spatial Appraisal and Valuation of Environment and Ecosystems (SAVEE) model combined these with NPP/VIIRS data to generate a composite fire risk map. Accessibility was evaluated using the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method with road network travel times; 80.13% of demand units were covered within the five-minute threshold, while 53.25% of all units exhibited low accessibility. Spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran’s I) revealed clustered high risk in central basins and service gaps on surrounding hills, reflecting the dominant influence of terrain alongside protected forests and farmlands. The results indicate that targeted road upgrades and station relocations can improve fire service coverage. The approach is scalable and supports more equitable emergency response in mountainous settings.

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