Digital Accounting Transformation for Agri-Fintech Startups: Opportunities and Risks in Developing Countries

The transformation of digital accounting is an urgent need for agri-fintech startups in developing countries. The complexity of agricultural transactions, the demands of compliance with IFRS/XBRL standards, and the increasing cyber risks demand an accounting system that is not only efficient but also transparent and auditable. This research aims to identify the factors influencing the adoption of digital accounting, evaluate its impact on information quality and regulatory compliance, and design a conceptual model that is able to integrate technological, organizational, regulatory, and risk aspects in the context of agri-fintech startups. The research uses a mixed methods approach with a sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data was collected through a survey of 45 agri-fintech startups in Southeast Asia and analyzed using PLS-SEM. Qualitative data was obtained through in-depth interviews with 7 selected startups and analyzed by thematic analysis. The results show that internal factors, such as technology readiness, organizational support, and perceived benefits and ease of use, play a significant role in adoption. The adoption of digital accounting improves the reporting quality and readiness of XBRL, but cyber and operational risks negatively affect the accuracy of reports. This research resulted in an Agri-Fintech Digital Accounting Capability (AF-DAC) model that integrates cloud accounting, blockchain ledger, RegTech–XBRL, and cyber risk panels. These findings provide a theoretical contribution to the digital accounting literature and are practical for startups, regulators, and investors in designing adaptive, secure, and sustainable accounting transformation strategies in the agri-fintech sector.