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ABSTRACT Blockchain technology has emerged as a pivotal solution for securing sensitive data across various domains, including artificial intelligence (AI), supply chain management, cloud computing, and healthcare. Its core attributes, confidentiality, decentralization, security, and privacy, offer significant advantages to the healthcare sector. The integration of Internet of Things ( IoT ) devices within healthcare systems enhances interoperability, enabling seamless communication between healthcare software and IT infrastructure. However, traditional healthcare systems face persistent security challenges, including phishing, masquerading, and identity theft. To address these issues, we propose a secure blockchain‐based decentralized application for generating, maintaining, and validating medical certificates. This application facilitates secure interactions among healthcare entities, including hospitals, patients, and IoT devices, while ensuring confidentiality, authentication, and access control through smart contracts. The proposed blockchain architecture enhances data integrity and secure transmission using the zero‐knowledge proof ( ZKP ) mechanism. Additionally, we incorporate the interplanetary file system ( IPFS ) for off‐chain data storage to optimize storage costs and enhance security through Ethereum smart contracts. Performance evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in mitigating existing security vulnerabilities, thereby offering a robust and scalable solution for secure healthcare data management.
Nandanwar et al. (Sat,) studied this question.