Fuel cell technology is considered one of the most important solutions for clean energy, characterized by its high efficiency, minimal pollution, and adaptability across various sectors such as transportation, stationary energy, and portable electronics. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in materials science, system design, and cost optimization, enhancing the feasibility of commercialization. This paper follows the development of various types of fuel cells, including Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC), Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC), and Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC), highlighting key innovations and market launches. The review emphasizes significant technical challenges, particularly concerning durability, catalyst degradation, and hydrogen infrastructure systems. Additionally, it outlines the existing state of fuel cell technology and proposes a strategy for integrating fuel cells into global low-carbon energy systems. From a decarbonization perspective, incorporating fuel cells into energy systems is crucial, as they not only provide high efficiency but also operate without emitting harmful pollutants. The article reviews advancements in fuel cell technology from 2020 to 2024, comparing performance metrics with market applications and obstacles to market entry. Assessments of over 80 peer-reviewed studies indicate that PEMFCs are achieving 0.85 A/cm² at 0.6V, while SOFCs are reaching 60% electrical efficiency in combined heat and power (CHP) applications. Currently, most deployments, comprising 62% of market share, are in the transportation sector; however, significant challenges remain in material stability and hydrogen infrastructure. Progress in fuel cell technology hinges on the integration of anion-exchange membranes, platinum-group-metal-free catalysts, and advanced manufacturing capabilities.
Ali Mohammed Elaibi (Sun,) studied this question.