Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are widespread environmental pollutants that disrupt hormonal control and lead to reproductive, developmental, and metabolic issues. They have complicated dynamics that require heavy computational capabilities not available from conventional pharmacokinetic and animal studies. This paper critically presents the role of Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in EDC toxicokinetics by summarising the most recent literature (2020-2025) on toxic compounds, including bisphenol A, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds. The results indicate that the PBPK models are relatively useful in modelling absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination processes, indicating small half-lives with compounds that are rapidly metabolised (for instance, Bisphenol A (BPA)), long-term retention in lipophilic they polluted (such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), but not Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)), and high variability between life-decodes and populations. The models have almost doubled the interpretation of biomonitoring data, aiding in the damage of risk to specific life stages, and understanding of this and more applications by regulatory authorities like the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) are on the rise. PBPK modelling, therefore, possesses mechanistic, predictive strengths in comparison with traditional models. Future research must increase biomonitoring and In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation (IVIVE) data, enhance mixture modelling, include at-risk populations, and cultivate harmonised global platforms to adopt a regulating framework in an attempt to maximise effects.
Odoi et al. (Tue,) studied this question.