The purpose of the study is to design models and simulators for various otosurgical interventions. Results. A training model has been created for teaching basic microsurgical skills in stapedoplasty. Due to 3D printing technologies, it is easy to manufacture and affordable to use, ensuring its mass use. The simulator has shown its effectiveness due to the ability to perform an unlimited number of repetitions, bringing them to automatism, understanding the size of the surgical field and the ability to manipulate tools in it.
Yudin et al. (2025) studied this question.