Abstract—This cross-sectional study aims to assess the constraints to exclusive breastfeeding practice and explore their effects on infant growth outcomes. The study investigates factors such as knowledge gaps, cultural and social influences, maternal employment challenges, and lack of support systems that hinder exclusive breastfeeding. Additionally, it examines the association between these constraints and compromised infant growth, increased risk of infections, and potential health risks. A diverse sample of 200 lactating mothers with infants and their attendants were recruited from various socio-economic backgrounds within the Mohali region of the Punjab, India by convenience sampling technique. Data Collection with nursing mothers and the focus group discussion with grandmother’s(attendants) were conducted in native language of respondents i.e., Punjabi language at preferred locations. Statistical analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between constraints and growth outcomes. Additionally, qualitative interviews were conducted to gain deeper insights into the experiences and perceptions of mothers regarding exclusive breastfeeding constraints. Data collection surveys last for an average of 47 minutes, while the focus discussion lasted for one hour ten minutes at all levels. The majority of participants belonged to the age groups of 20-24 years (40%) and 25-29 years (36%). Religious affiliation was diverse, with 60% identifying as Sikh and 40% as Hindu. In terms of education, 20% had completed under matric level. Concerning breastfeeding practices, 55% initiated breastfeeding immediately after birth, and 36% initiated within the first 2 hours. The majority breastfed their babies 6-8 times a day (70%) for less than half an hour each time (80%). Approximately half of the mothers supplemented breast milk with other substances (50%). Most mothers breastfed for less than or equal to 6 months (75%). Reasons for discontinuing exclusive breastfeeding included the baby being hungry after feeding (49%), maternal health problems (45%), fear of addiction to breast milk (43%), lack of husband's support (46%), and insufficient breast milk (40%). The findings of this cross-sectional study emphasize the importance of addressing the identified constraints to exclusive breastfeeding and their implications for infant growth outcomes. Targeted interventions, including breastfeeding education programs, cultural sensitivity training, workplace policies, and enhanced support systems, are crucial for promoting exclusive breastfeeding and improving infant health. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to further investigate the long-term effects of exclusive breastfeeding and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Index Terms—Constraints, Exclusive breastfeeding, Infant growth, Maternal health, Perceptions.
Kaur et al. (Sat,) studied this question.
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