Representation of Transgender as a Theme in the Select Works of Indian and English Literature

The third gender, particularly transgender individuals, remains largely misunderstood by mainstream society due to deep-rooted taboos and a lack of open discourse. Often marginalized, they are viewed with contempt and prejudice by cisgender individuals, who perceive them as deviating from prevailing gender norms. Rather than acknowledging their lived realities, society frequently dismisses them as a masquerade—people in disguise or cross-dressing—rather than recognizing their authentic identities. A key factor behind the violence and discrimination faced by hijras is society’s inability to accept non-binary identities that challenge rigid gender divisions. Rooted in patriarchal structures, societal expectations dictate strict gender roles, making it difficult for those who do not conform to traditional masculinity or femininity to find acceptance. This aligns with Judith Butler’s concept of ‘gender performativity,’ which suggests that gender is not an inherent identity but a set of repeated behaviours imposed by society. By failing to acknowledge gender as fluid and socially constructed, conservative norms continue to marginalize and oppress transgender individuals. The representation of transgender identities in literature varies significantly between Indian English writing and Western authors, reflecting cultural, historical, and political contexts. Western literature is often shaped by medicalized transition narratives and queer theory. While both traditions highlight themes of marginalization, gender identity, and self-discovery, their approaches reflect the cultural, historical, and political realities of their respective societies.