Physical Activity Levels in Kazakhstan: A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Study on Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Regional Factors

Background and Objectives: Physical inactivity contributes to high rates of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity in Kazakhstan, yet national data remain scarce. The primary objective of this study was to assess the level of physical activity among the adult population of Kazakhstan. The secondary objectives were to identify demographic, socioeconomic, and regional factors associated with physical activity, to determine risk groups, and to develop recommendations aimed at increasing physical activity and improving public health. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional nationwide survey (December 2021–May 2022) including 6720 adults aged 18–69 years from all 17 regions. Data were collected using the WHO STEPS questionnaire and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results: Overall, 19.7% of adults did not meet WHO recommendations. Average weekly activity was 7108 min, mainly from transport (42.1%) and work (28.9%). Men and young adults were more likely to be sufficiently active. Lower levels were observed among women, individuals over 35, married respondents, civil servants, students, and the unemployed. Significant regional and ethnic disparities were identified. Conclusions: One in five adults in Kazakhstan has insufficient physical activity. Targeted, multisectoral interventions are needed, with special focus on women, older adults, and urban populations.