Forecast-Driven Climate Control for Smart Greenhouses: Energy Optimization Using LSTM Model

Greenhouses play a vital role in modern agriculture by providing controlled environments for year-round crop production. However, climate regulation within these structures accounts for a significant portion of their energy consumption, often exceeding 50% of operational costs. Current greenhouse systems predominantly rely on reactive control strategies, leading to energy inefficiency and unstable internal conditions. Addressing this gap, the present study develops a machine learning-based framework that leverages time series forecasting models—specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)—that predict key climate parameters and generate optimal actuator control recommendations. The system utilizes multivariate environmental data to forecast temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels and minimize a composite energy proxy through proactive adjustments to heating, ventilation, and lighting systems. Experimental results demonstrate high prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.9835) and significant improvements in energy efficiency. By integrating predictive analytics with real-time sensor feedback, the proposed approach supports intelligent, energy-aware decision-making and advances the development of smart agriculture through proactive greenhouse climate management.