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erythroid cells and disrupted erythropoiesis contribute to fatigue and tissue damage in LCF. Cytokine profiling indicates a stronger pro-inflammatory response in LCF compared to males (LCM), along with markers of gut barrier dysfunction. Hormonal analysis shows reduced testosterone in LCF and estradiol in LCM. Transcriptomic data reveal neuroinflammatory signatures in LCF, potentially explaining cognitive symptoms. We also identify biomarkers that distinguish LCF from LCM and correlate with sex-specific clinical symptoms. Overall, LC with ME/CFS is characterized by sex-specific immune, hormonal, and transcriptional alterations, with females exhibiting more severe inflammation. These insights underscore the need for sex-tailored interventions, including consideration of hormone replacement therapy.
Shahbaz et al. (Sat,) studied this question.