Complications in cochlear implant surgery: a comprehensive review.

Cochlear implantation is an established surgical intervention for patients with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. Although technological advancements have improved surgical outcomes, complications can still arise, affecting both short- and long-term postoperative results. Identifying and managing these complications is very important for optimizing patient outcomes. This review examined the key complications associated with cochlear implantation, discussing their mechanisms, clinical implications, and management strategies based on current literature. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using relevant studies from PubMed and other scientific databases. Key topics include intraoperative complications such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and electrode misplacement, as well as postoperative complications like intracochlear fibrosis, foreign body reactions, vestibular dysfunction, device extrusion, and infections, including otitis media and cholesteatoma. Despite being a generally safe procedure, cochlear implantation presents a range of complications, with incidence rates varying between pediatric and adult populations. Preoperative imaging and patient selection have an essential role in minimizing intraoperative risks such as CSF leakage, particularly in cases with inner ear malformations. Postoperative complications, including electrode migration, fibrosis, and vestibular dysfunction, can impact hearing outcomes and quality of life. Furthermore, late complications such as chronic infections and device extrusion require long-term follow-up and, in some cases, revision surgery. Cochlear implantation is a highly effective auditory rehabilitation technique with a favorable safety profile. However, complications-ranging from minor surgical site infections to major device failures-necessitate ongoing clinical vigilance. Future advancements in electrode design, surgical techniques, and biocompatible materials hold promise for reducing complications and improving patient safety.