December 2, 2025Open Access

Partial elements equivalent circuit modeling of distributed and lumped time-varying dielectric phenomena

Key Points

This modeling approach adapts the partial element equivalent circuit method to include time-varying dielectrics.
It shows potential advances in handling electromagnetic wave interactions and applications in future devices.
The modified PEEC method allows direct analysis in the time domain with numerical examples for validation.
This work highlights the importance of time-varying materials in enhancing performance over conventional methods.

Abstract

Time-varying (TV) materials have recently gained considerable attention for their ability to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves and improve the performance beyond the limits of conventional time-invariant materials. In addition, distributed TV capacitors are becoming more attractive to achieve particular effects. This work presents a systematic approach to modeling TV dielectrics by incorporating TV capacitors in the framework of the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method. Thus, the standard formulation of the PEEC method is modified to include TV dielectrics and lumped elements for general 3D geometries directly in the time domain (TD). It is shown that this is possible through TV capacitances and voltage-controlled current sources. Four numerical examples validate the proposed approach.

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