Background: Self-medication with leftover antibiotics (SMLA) drives antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in developing countries. This study examined knowledge–practice gaps regarding antibiotic use and handling among individuals with prior SMLA across seven developing countries. Methods: A cross-sectional study (February 2023–February 2024) included 3191 adults from Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt, India, Jordan, Lebanon, and Serbia who reported previous leftover antibiotic use. The questionnaires assessed knowledge of antibiotic use (15 items), resistance (12 items), and SMLA risks (15 items). Storage and disposal practices were evaluated using dichotomized correct/incorrect measures. Results: Participants demonstrated above-average knowledge scores as follows: antibiotic use (54.4 ± 8.4), resistance (43.3 ± 6.1), and SMLA risks (58.4 ± 10.3). However, substantial practice gaps emerged. Only 21.9% properly disposed of leftover antibiotics, while 47.0% used household garbage. For storage, 55.1% used appropriate methods, but 32.6% stored antibiotics inappropriately, and 12.8% lacked protocols. Serbian participants showed the highest SMLA risk knowledge (64.3 ± 10.6), Bangladeshi participants the lowest (52.0 ± 8.5, p < 0.001). Women had superior knowledge (59.6 ± 10.4 versus 56.5 ± 9.8, p < 0.001) and storage practices (56.6% versus 52.7%, p = 0.031). Paradoxically, higher AMR knowledge was associated with poorer disposal practices (OR = 0.97, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Despite extensive theoretical knowledge, unsafe medication practices persist, revealing a critical knowledge–practice gap. Our findings challenge education-focused AMR approaches, suggesting cognitive awareness alone cannot drive behavioral change. Effective interventions must address structural barriers, cultural factors, and individual health beliefs beyond traditional knowledge-deficit models.
Irfan et al. (Tue,) studied this question.