Current concepts on the intervention for adhesive capsulitis

Adhesive capsulitis, or frozen shoulder, is characterized by pain and progressive restriction of both active and passive shoulder range of motion. The pathophysiology involves an initial inflammatory phase with elevated cytokines, followed by pathological fibrosis, capsular thickening, and contracture involving both intra- and extra-articular structures, including the coracohumeral ligament and rotator cuff interval. Diagnosis is primarily clinical. The traditional three-stage model, freezing, frozen, and thawing, has been challenged by recent evidence showing that spontaneous recovery is uncommon and that many patients do not fully regain shoulder function without active treatment. This paradigm change emphasizes the necessity of early and focused interventions to maximize functional recovery. While physiotherapy remains the mainstay of management, interventional procedures have gained prominence for their ability to reduce pain and facilitate rehabilitation. Interventional options include intra-articular corticosteroid injections, hydrodilatation, and suprascapular nerve blocks. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on interventional procedures for adhesive capsulitis, highlighting their mechanisms, techniques, and comparative efficacy.