December 5, 2025Open Access

A tutorial on the 3ω method for measuring thermal conductivity from macro to micro dimensions

XYXiao YangBeijing Technology and Business University HZHaibo ZhaoUniversity of Science and Technology of China CWChunyang WangImperial College London

Key Points

Measurement of thermal conductivity is adaptable for various materials and geometries, including macroscopic and nanoscale.
Key principles and considerations for the 3ω method are outlined to enhance its application.
Harmonic detection enables precise thermal measurements in both in-plane and out-of-plane directions.
Applications in aerospace and energy conservation demonstrate the method's significance in advanced materials research.

Abstract

The 3ω harmonic detection method has been widely applied to develop the thermal functional materials and for the fabrication of devices in fields such as aerospace and energy conservation. It is adaptable for measuring the thermal conductivity of materials with various geometries, ranging from macroscopic to micro- and nanoscale, in both in-plane and out-of-plane directions. This tutorial introduces the measurement principles of the 3ω method and highlights important considerations for its application to different materials.

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