Exploring Intervention Strategies for Microbial Biofilms in the Food Industry Based on a Biomolecular Mechanism Perspective: Recent Advances and Emerging Trends

Microbial biofilms in food processing environments pose significant challenges due to their exceptional resistance to conventional sanitation methods, presenting substantial risks to food safety and public health. This review systematically evaluates recent advances in understanding biofilm development across key stages, i.e., initial microbial adhesion, extracellular polymeric substance production, biofilm maturation including resistant phenotypes such as persister cells, and dispersion. Particular emphasis is placed on the molecular mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and the regulatory roles of cyclic-di-GMP and quorum sensing. Crucially, we highlight emerging targeted interventions including enzyme-mediated extracellular polymeric substance disruption, microenvironmental manipulation, quorum sensing inhibitors, metabolic reactivation of persisters (“wake-and-kill”), and controlled biofilm dispersion techniques, clearly outlining their practical applicability and potential limitations in real-world food industry contexts. Moreover, this review uniquely integrates innovative technological developments such as responsive antimicrobial coatings, real-time biosensors, predictive modeling systems, and precision biotechnology approaches. Uniquely, this review integrates molecular mechanisms with practical, stage-specific sanitation strategies and provides actionable insights that can enhance biofilm control, contributing to safer food production practices and im-proved public health outcomes.