What question did this study set out to answer?

The goal was to explore the use of multi-source industrial solid waste in fluidized solidified soil.

December 9, 2025Open Access

Research on the Mix Proportion, Admixtures Compatibility and Sustainability of Fluidized Solidification Soil Coordinated with Multi-Source Industrial Solid Wastes

Key Points

The goal was to explore the use of multi-source industrial solid waste in fluidized solidified soil.
Developed a multi-source industrial solid waste cementitious material for fluidized solidified soil.
Studied the influence of industrial waste contents and admixtures on the unconfined compressive strength.
Assessed flow expansion and setting time using different water reducers and early-strength agents.
Optimal mixture for cementitious material determined as 20% steel slag, 40% granulated blast furnace slag, 15% fly ash, 5% gypsum, and 20% Portland cement.
Flow expansion and unconfined compressive strength improved with increased dosage of water reducers.
Sustainability assessment showed significant reductions in cost and carbon emissions compared to ordinary Portland cement.

Abstract

To promote the resource utilization of industrial solid waste, this study developed a multi-source industrial solid waste cementitious material (MSWC) for fluidized solidified soil (FSS), which consists of steel slag (SS), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), circulating fluidized bed fly ash (CFBFA), desulfurization gypsum (DG) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Firstly, the influence of industrial solid waste contents on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of FSS solidified with MSWC (MSWC-FSS) was studied, and the optimal proportion for MSWC was determined as SS:GBFS:CFBFA:DG:OPC = 20:40:15:5:20. Then, the effects of water reducers (PCE and FDN) and early-strength agents (Na2SO4 and CaCl2) on the flow expansion, setting time and UCS of MSWC-FSS were studied. With the increase of PCE and FDN, the flow expansion, setting time and UCS of MSWC-FSS increased. With the increase of Na2SO4 and CaCl2, the flow expansion and setting time of MSWC-FSS decreased, and 3 d and 7 d UCS increased, and 28 d UCS first increased and then decreased. The best mixing scheme of water reducer and admixture is 0.5% PCE and 1% Na2SO4, respectively. Finally, the sustainability of MSWC-FSS was assessed. The heavy metal leaching of MSWC-FSS met the safety requirements. For FSS cementitious materials, the cost and carbon emissions of MSWC were only 43.9% and 22.4% of OPC, respectively.

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