Revisiting agricultural policies in Morocco through the lens of virtual water trade: a literature review

Morocco, a semi-arid country and a recognized climate change hotspot, faces increasing water scarcity, with renewable water resources estimated at 22 billion m 3 in 2023. This study presents a critical literature review to examine, first, the effects of Morocco’s agricultural policies on water resource availability and sustainability, and second, the economic rationale underlying the virtual water concept. It explores methods for quantifying virtual water and evaluates the potential contribution of virtual water trade to mitigating water stress. Particular attention is given to empirical studies addressing Morocco’s water footprint and virtual water flows. The findings reveal a notable disconnect between agricultural development strategies and water policy objectives. Furthermore, existing research on virtual water in Morocco remains limited. Available evidence suggests that Morocco is a net importer of virtual water. The study concludes that integrating the virtual water approach into national agricultural planning and international trade strategies could enhance sustainable water management and support policy coherence in addressing water stress in arid and semi-arid contexts.