Building Information Modelling (BIM) represents a technological and organisational innovation transforming the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry by embedding data-rich collaboration into project delivery. However, the diffusion of this innovation is constrained by unresolved legal–contractual complexities, where conventional frameworks often fail to manage BIM-specific risks, such as unclear responsibilities, intellectual property, and dispute resolution. This study advances knowledge by conceptualising a novel legal–contractual analytical dimension that systematically links risk factors to tailored management strategies, enabling BIM innovation to be more effectively embedded into organisational and contractual processes. A mixed-methods design was adopted. An integrative review of Scopus- and Google Scholar-indexed studies, supported by thematic analysis in NVivo, generated a comprehensive legal–contractual Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) that organises fragmented knowledge of legal–contractual risks. Qualitative content analysis, combined with survey and expert interview data, enabled triangulated validation and the development of the BIM-RBS Matrix and BIM-RBS–MS Nexus. These tools operationalise risk knowledge by quantifying risk severity (SPSS Version 29.0.1.0 (171)) and systematically aligning management strategies with specific risk categories. The results highlight actionable innovations, such as enhanced cybersecurity protocols (e.g., QR-based traceability) to strengthen cyber/data security and collaborative risk–reward mechanisms to address contractual design ambiguities. The study makes three primary contributions: (1) conceptualising a structured legal–contractual knowledge spectrum for BIM innovation, (2) advancing mixed-methods integration for legal–contractual risk knowledge creation and validation, and (3) providing actionable frameworks that support industry, policymakers, and researchers in embedding BIM innovation more reliably. This study frames legal–contractual risk knowledge as a critical enabler of innovation that extends theoretical understanding and offers globally relevant pathways for the knowledge-based transformation of the AEC sector.
Dogonyaro et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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