What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to enhance the performance and lifespan of zinc-manganese flow batteries through improved membrane design.

December 12, 2025Open Access

Ion‐Regulating Membranes with Surface‐Enriched Charge Networks Enabling Stable Zinc‐Manganese Flow Batteries

Key Points

The aim is to enhance the performance and lifespan of zinc-manganese flow batteries through improved membrane design.
Proposed an ion-regulating membrane with crosslinked networks of Zn 2+ positive charges.
Measured H⁺ retention and proton transport barriers to assess membrane performance.
Evaluated the electrostatic guidance of zinc ions for dendrite-free growth.
Achieved a record accumulated capacity of 6510 mAh cm −2 over 200 cycles.
Demonstrated high areal capacity of 100 mAh cm −2 at 20 mA cm −2.
Extended battery lifespan significantly compared to traditional batteries.

Abstract

Abstract Zinc‐based flow batteries are promising for sustainable energy storage owing to their high energy density and eco‐friendliness. When coupling with Mn 2+ /MnO 2 posolyte, the zinc‐manganese flow batteries promise an ultra‐low electrolyte cost (0. 0039 Ah −1). However, their practical application is limited by low areal capacity (200 cycles) at 30 mA cm −2, high areal capacity of 100 mAh cm −2 (130. 1 mWh cm −2) at 20 mA cm −2, representing one of the most stable zinc‐manganese flow batteries reported. This study provides an effective membrane design strategy for low‐cost and high‐energy‐density zinc‐based flow batteries.

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