In recent years, policymakers have placed crime control at the centre stage, and urban violence has become concentrated at the micro-location. Each of these approaches, whether policing, sentencing, or community-based strategies, has been shown to have some effectiveness, but in isolation. Existing research lacks an overview of how these approaches interact with one another to produce what could be classified as sustainable crime reduction. This article will demonstrate the complementarity of each of the four selected policing, intervention, and punishment solutions by drawing on recent findings in hotspot policing, problem-oriented policing (POP), sentencing and rehabilitation models, and community violence intervention (CVI). The analysis finds that hot-spot policing reduces immediate risk, POP approaches the harmful impact of structural problem drivers, CVI strengthens informal social controls, and incentive-based sentencing reduces recidivism when deployed to align with threshold effects. The findings show that crime control is most effective when place-based enforcement is paired with relational and rehabilitative strategies. Whole-systems analyses (WSA) applied to cities that have abandoned unsustainable paradigms in favour of sustainable ones open an exploration of features and priority settings for real-life implementations of city-level Violence Intervention and Safety Platform (VISP) models that combine hot spots, POP, and risk-need-responsivity principles, together with sentence-tiering incentives and evaluation indicators for CVI programs. According to the study, an integrated, evidence-based model that balances enforcement and prevention demonstrates how coordinated strategies can lead to more equitable and durable public-safety outcomes.
Jingzhi Wang (Thu,) studied this question.