Introduction and Application of BIM in Architectural Projects: Benefits, Challenges and Future Prospects

Building Information Modeling (BIM) represents a paradigmatic transformation in architecture and engineering, facilitating the transition from two-dimensional documentation to integrated multidimensional collaborative environments. This article synthesizes a systematic literature review (2014-2024) combining meta-analyses, case studies, and quantitative-qualitative research on the adoption of BIM in the AEC sector. The results document significant benefits: reductions of 25-30% in design errors, 20% in execution time and 15% in costs. However, adoption reveals geographic fragmentation (US 60%, UK 80%, Latin America 25%) and multidimensional barriers: lack of specialized training, cultural resistance, absence of specific legal frameworks in developing countries, and limited interoperability. The analysis identifies that successful integration requires deep organizational transformation, coordinated public policies, and educational curricular adaptation. Recommendations include micro-regional contextual strategies, contractual standardization (ISO 19650) and applied research in BIM-Facility Management integration and emerging technologies (XR, digital twins). BIM integrates geometric (3D), temporal (4D-schedule), economic (5D-costs) and operational (6D-facility management) information into collaborative parameterized models. Beyond visualization, the methodology calls for clarity on specific Development Levels (LODs) for each phase of the asset lifecycle, from LOD 100 (conceptual) to LOD 500 (as-built). Interoperability using IFC (ISO 16739) and ISO 19650 standards requires robust model validation and accurate definition of model views (MVDs), areas where 74% of projects in developing countries still have critical gaps. This article emphasizes that BIM is not only a software tool, but a comprehensive information management protocol that permeates processes from conceptual design to sustainable operation and demolition.