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Introduction - Michael Gallagher Belgium - Lieven De Winter Democracy or Oligarchy? Britain - David Denver Centralized Parties with Decentralized Selection France - Jean-Louis Thiacebault The Impact of Electoral System Change The German Federal Republic - Geoffrey Roberts The Two-Lane Route to Bonn Ireland - Michael Gallagher The Increasing Role of the Centre Italy - Douglas A Wertman Local Involvement, Central Control Japan - Rei Shiratori Localism, Factionalism and Personalism The Netherlands - Ruud Koole and Monique Leijenaar The Predominance of Regionalism Norway - Henry Valen Decentralization and Group Representation Conclusion - Michael Gallagher
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