Genetic Evaluation of Beef Sires Using a Beef‐on‐Dairy Crossbred Reference Population

ABSTRACT In recent years, Beef‐on‐Dairy (BoD) crossbreeding programs have gained momentum to enhance dairy cattle's economic and genetic merits while meeting the demand for high‐quality beef. However, bulls with superior growth potential can lead to calving problems; thus, Holstein dairy farmers must decide which semen to use to avoid calving problems while producing heavier BoD calves. In this study, our objective was to genetically evaluate beef sires using a BoD crossbred reference population for three major economic traits, i.e., gestation length (GL), birth weight (BW), and calving ease (CE). A population comprising 4420 BoD calves sired by bulls from Angus (ANG), Limousin (LIM), Wagyu (WAG), and White‐Belgian Blue (WBB) was used to perform a joint genetic evaluation of the sire for traits. Univariate and bivariate (linear‐linear or threshold‐linear) models were applied to estimate variance components and genomic breeding values using single‐step methods. Estimates from CE models were transformed from the liability to the observable scale for more straightforward interpretation. Direct heritabilities for GL, BW, and CE (after transformations) ranged from 0.33 to 0.35, 0.33 to 0.37, and 0.02 to 0.14, respectively, while maternal heritabilities ranged from 0.11 to 0.17 for all traits. Generally, male BoD calves had higher probabilities for calving difficulty, with calvings being more difficult if sired by LIM (13%) as compared to ANG (7%) and WBB (9%) when considering male calves. The bivariate models outperformed the univariate models. For CE, the accuracy of predictions was up by 95% with a reduction in bias and dispersion. WBB sires were preferred when crossing with higher parity cows compared to ANG sires. These findings demonstrate that a well‐structured BoD reference population enables accurate genomic evaluation of beef sires, facilitating the selection of sires that produce economically viable calves with reduced calving difficulties.