International cyberspace law remains in the early stages of development, with competent international institutions and authorities currently deliberating on a wide range of issues related to the digital domain. Despite this, there is a broad consensus among key actors on fundamental principles, including the freedom of information, the right to privacy, the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states, and the prohibition of the use of force in cyberspace. These principles have been codified and implemented through mandatory regulations and international instruments worldwide. The unique nature of virtual space necessitates careful examination to determine the extent to which legal norms governing physical space can be applied to cyberspace. In particular, concepts such as civil liability, criminal liability, and international responsibility—and the evidentiary requirements for their enforcement in cyberspace—require rigorous analysis and adaptation. This article explores these issues and provides a comprehensive discussion of their implications in the context of international law.
Muaiyid Rasooli (Sun,) studied this question.