Diplomacy and Foreign Policy in Mahābhārata: Lessons for Modern Geopolitics

Abstract The Mahābhārata, one of the greatest epics of Sanskrit literature, offers profound insights into diplomacy, foreign policy, and political ethics. Far beyond a narrative of conflict, it presents a sophisticated analysis of inter-state relations, negotiation strategies, leadership responsibilities, and the consequences of political misjudgment. This study examines the diplomatic doctrines embedded within the epic, with special focus on the counsel of Vidura, the statesmanship of Kṛṣṇa, and the key negotiations that shaped the Kurukṣetra War. By conducting a thematic and textual analysis of selected episodes—including peace embassies, royal deliberations, and ethical discourses—the paper evaluates how these ancient principles resonate with contemporary geopolitical frameworks. The findings reveal that the Mahābhārata articulates a coherent model of diplomacy grounded in dharma, emphasizing foresight, restraint, ethical governance, and conflict resolution. These insights offer valuable lessons for modern international relations, demonstrating that ancient Indic political thought continues to illuminate strategies for sustainable peace, negotiation, and responsible statecraft in today’s complex global landscape.