Introduction: Biomarkers have revolutionized diagnostics and therapeutics by enabling early detection, prognosis, and treatment monitoring across a range of diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Their role in personalized medicine underscores their importance in modern healthcare. Methods: This review consolidates findings from diverse sources, exploring the classes, mechanisms, and emerging technologies for biomarker discovery. Techniques such as next-generation sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and mass spectrometry were critically evaluated for their efficiency in biomarker validation. Results: The study identifies various cancer biomarkers, including genetic, proteomic, and metabolomic markers, and highlights their clinical applications. It underscores significant breakthroughs in non-invasive diagnostic tools, such as exosomal proteins, miRNAs, and saliva-based markers. Challenges such as limited sample sizes, regulatory hurdles, and clinical translation bottlenecks were also discussed. Discussion: Despite significant advancements, integrating biomarkers into clinical practice remains challenging due to issues of specificity, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness. Emerging approaches such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor mutational burden assessments, and chemokine profiling have shown potential in enhancing cancer immunotherapy outcomes. Conclusion: Biomarkers are pivotal in advancing personalized medicine by refining diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Addressing current limitations through innovative technologies and interdisciplinary collaboration can unlock their full potential, transforming disease management and patient care.
Soni et al. (Fri,) studied this question.
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