Temporal Selection Rules for Discrete Mass Emergence via Temporal Eigenmode Selection in Time-Scalar Field Theory

The Standard Model encodes particle masses as empirical parameters and does not explain why the observed spectrum is discrete, sparse, and sharply bounded. TSFT (Time-Scalar Field Theory) reframes mass as temporal inertia and treats particles as dynamically selected temporal eigenmodes. We formalize particle existence through temporal selection rules (closure, scalar compatibility, perturbative stability, and composite phase-locking), show that discrete mass emergence follows generically from stable proper-time eigenmodes subject to global temporal closure, and interpret lepton families as stability-window survivors. Neutrinos arise as near-null modes with incomplete closure, yielding tiny masses and oscillations. Quarks are treated as non-factorizable internal temporal modes confined to composites by the same selection logic. Alpha, beta, and gamma emission are unified as temporal partition transitions governed by a conserved allocation between internal evolution and propagation. Finally, we present modelindependent correlations with existing high-energy data (resonance widths, exclusion results, neutrino oscillations, and hadronization) consistent with discrete stability windows and forbidden bands.