Although there have been advancements in stroke treatment (reperfusion) therapy, and it has been shown that many individuals continue to suffer from partial recoveries and continuing decline in their neurological status as a result of suffering a stroke, a primary barrier to providing precise care to patients with stroke continues to be the inability to capture changes in molecular and cellular programs over time and in biological compartments. This review synthesizes evidence that represents the entire continuum of ischemia, beginning with acute metabolic failure and excitotoxicity, and ending with immune response in the nervous system, reprogramming of glial cells, remodeling of vessels, and plasticity at the level of networks, and organizes this evidence in a temporal framework that includes three biological compartments:central nervous system tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and peripheral blood. Additionally, this review discusses new technologies which enable researchers to discover biomarkers at an extremely high resolution, including single-cell and spatial multi-omics, profiling of extracellular vesicles, proteoform-resolved proteomics, and glymphatic imaging, as well as new computational methods and machine-learning algorithms to integrate data from multiple modalities and predict trajectories of disease progression. The final section of this review will provide an overview of translationally relevant and ethically relevant issues regarding the deployment of predictive biomarkers, such as privacy, access, equity, and fairness, and emphasize the importance of global coordination of research efforts in order to ensure the clinical applicability and global equity of biomarker-based diagnostics and treatments.
Grigorean et al. (Sat,) studied this question.