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This research assesses the effectiveness of the RSV vaccine against hospitalization in older adults across two seasons.

January 14, 2026Open Access

RSV Vaccine Effectiveness Against RSV-Associated Hospitalization Among US Adults Aged 60 Years and Older Over Two RSV Seasons

DSDiya Surie WSWesley H. SelfVanderbilt University Medical Center KYKatharine A Yuengling

Key Points

This research assesses the effectiveness of the RSV vaccine against hospitalization in older adults across two seasons.
Test-negative, case-control analysis of hospitalized adults aged ≥60 years
Nasal swabs tested for RSV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and hMPV
Multivariable logistic regression to compare odds of vaccination between cases and controls
Analysis stratified by vaccination timing relative to illness onset
Out of 6,271 adults, 771 were RSV case-patients and 5,500 were control-patients
RSV vaccine effectiveness was 57% against hospitalization over two seasons
72% effectiveness for those vaccinated in the same season before illness onset
44% effectiveness for those vaccinated in the prior season

Abstract

Abstract Background A single dose of RSV vaccine has been recommended for certain adults aged ≥60 years since 2023 and was effective against hospitalization during the first season; however, duration of protection is unknown. We evaluated RSV vaccine effectiveness (VE) against RSV-associated hospitalization among adults aged ≥60 years over two RSV seasons (2023–2024 and 2024–2025). Methods Adults aged ≥60 years were included in this test-negative, case-control analysis if they were hospitalized with acute respiratory illness at any of 26 hospitals in 20 US states during October 1–March 31 of each season and had respiratory virus testing within 10 days of illness onset. Nasal swabs were obtained and tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for RSV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and hMPV viruses. Case-patients tested positive for RSV only and control-patients tested negative for RSV, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. Demographic and clinical data were obtained through patient interview and electronic medical record (EMR) review. RSV vaccination status was determined from vaccine registries, EMR, and plausible self-report. RSV vaccination was defined as RSV vaccine receipt ≥14 days before illness onset. Multivariable logistic regression compared the odds of RSV vaccination between case- and control-patients. VE was calculated as (1 – adjusted odds ratio) x 100%. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, geographic region, and calendar month. Analyses were stratified by RSV vaccine receipt in the same or prior season relative to illness onset. Results Of 6,271 adults aged ≥60 years, 771 (12.3%) were RSV case-patients and 5,500 (87.7%) were control-patients. Median (IQR) age was 72 (66–80) years and 1617 (25.8%) were immunocompromised. A total of 58/771 (7.5%) case-patients and 816/5500 (14.8%) control-patients were vaccinated. Among adults aged ≥60 years, VE against RSV-associated hospitalization over two seasons was 57% (95% CI, 43%–68%) with a VE of 72% (95% CI, 54%–83%) for those vaccinated in the same season before illness onset and 44% (95% CI, 20%–60%) for those vaccinated in the prior season. Conclusion RSV vaccines were effective against RSV-associated hospitalization over two seasons. Ongoing monitoring is needed to determine the optimal RSV revaccination interval. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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