What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to develop a renewable bis-benzoxazine using vanillin-based dimer and evaluate its properties.

January 14, 2026

Renewable bis-benzoxazine from symmetrical vanillin-based dimer

Key Points

The research aims to develop a renewable bis-benzoxazine using vanillin-based dimer and evaluate its properties.
Synthesis of bis-benzoxazine using vanillin-based dimer, furfurylamine, and paraformaldehyde via Mannich reaction.
Analysis of molecular structure through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Evaluation of curing behavior using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and in situ FT-IR.
Assessment of thermal stability with Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).
Investigation of pyrolysis products via Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS).
Curing reaction peaked at 228°C with a low heat of reaction of 85 J/g.
Polybenzoxazine displayed low degradation rates between 300°C and 800°C.
High char yield was noted at 800°C during thermal analysis.
Primary pyrolysis products included phenol and furan derivatives.

Abstract

A novel renewable bis-benzoxazine has been created using a Vanillin-based dimer, furfurylamine and paraformaldehyde through a Mannich reaction. The Molecular structure of the synthesized bis-benzoxazine monomer was analyzed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy. The curing behavior of the bis-benzoxazine was evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and in situ FT-IR. The curing reaction exhibited a peak temperature of 228°C and a relatively low heat of reaction at 85 J/g. The thermal stability of the resulting polybenzoxazine was examined using thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), which indicated a low degradation rate between 300°C and 800°C, along with a high char yield at 800°C. Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis revealed that the primary pyrolysis products of polybenzoxazine were phenol and furan derivatives.

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