Little red dots as young supermassive black holes in dense ionized cocoons

Abstract The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has uncovered many compact galaxies at high redshift with broad hydrogen and helium lines, including the enigmatic population of little red dots (LRDs) 1,2 . The nature of these galaxies is debated and is attributed to supermassive black holes (SMBHs) 3,4 or intense star formation 5 . They exhibit unusual properties for SMBHs, such as black holes that are overmassive for their host galaxies 4 and extremely weak X-ray 6–10 and radio 6,11–13 emission. Here we show that in most objects studied with the highest-quality JWST spectra, the lines are broadened by electron scattering with a narrow intrinsic core. The data require very high electron column densities and compact sizes (light days), which, when coupled with their high luminosities, can be explained only by SMBH accretion. The narrow intrinsic line cores imply black hole masses of 10 5−7 M ⊙ , two orders of magnitude lower than previous estimates. These are the lowest mass black holes known at high redshift, to our knowledge, and suggest a population of young SMBHs. They are enshrouded in a dense cocoon of ionized gas producing broad lines from which they are accreting close to the Eddington limit, with very mild neutral outflows. Reprocessed nebular emission from this cocoon dominates the optical spectrum, explaining most LRD spectral characteristics, including the weak radio and X-ray emission 14,15 .