What question did this study set out to answer?

To develop a unified model that incorporates Standard Model gauge symmetries and family symmetries using SO(16) grand unification.

January 17, 2026Open Access

Family Unification in SO (16) Grand Unification

Key Points

To develop a unified model that incorporates Standard Model gauge symmetries and family symmetries using SO(16) grand unification.
Proposed a model based on SO(16) gauge symmetry in six-dimensional spacetime.
Unified three generations of quarks and leptons as a 6D Weyl fermion in a spinor representation.
Implemented anomaly cancellation techniques for both 6D and 4D systems.
Demonstrated that the 6D SO(16) model cancels gauge anomalies effectively.
Showcased that the coupling constant becomes weaker at high energies, suggesting unique physical implications.

Abstract

Abstract We propose a unified model for the three Standard Model (SM) gauge symmetries and SU(3) family symmetry based on SO(16) grand unified gauge symmetry on six-dimensional (6D) spacetime. In this model, three chiral generations of quarks and leptons are unified into a 6D Weyl fermion in the spinor representation of SO(16). The 6D SO(16) gauge anomaly is canceled by the vectorlike nature of the model, and the 4D gauge anomalies are canceled by introducing suitable 4D localized fermions at the fixed point. The 4D gauge coupling constant of SO(16) has the property of becoming weaker at high energies.

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Discussion

Journals

Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics

Institutions

Kyoto University

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Henan Normal University

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