Abstract The accurate modeling of the Earth gravity field and geoid is critical for geodesy, yet traditional methods face limitations in handling the growing complexity and heterogeneity of modern geodetic data. To address these challenges, this study proposes a physics-informed neural network (PINN) framework for high-precision geoid modeling. The PINN employs convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to extract multi-scale features from terrestrial and airborne gravity data, which are then processed by a multilayer perceptron (MLP) to establish an accurate mapping between these features and the disturbing potential. Physical constraints, including Laplace’s equation and differential equations governing gravity anomaly and gravity disturbance, are embedded into the loss function to enhance both accuracy and interpretability. The proposed method is applied to the Colorado 1 cm geoid experiment. Compared to GNSS/leveling data of the Geoid Slope Validation Survey 2017 (GSVS17), the PINN-derived geoid model achieves a standard deviation (STD) of 2.1 cm. This represents a 12.5%–27.6% improvement over traditional methods and purely data-driven networks (DDNs). The PINN exhibits strong generalization under sparse data conditions, achieving 28.5% higher accuracy than the DDN with only 500 samples. Furthermore, analysis of geoid slopes and physical constraint contributions demonstrates that PINN’s dual physical constraints effectively balance global characteristics and localized fidelity of the geoid. This study establishes the PINN as a robust, physically interpretable machine learning approach for geoid modeling, outperforming classical methods and offering a promising pathway for gravity field estimation in regions with sparse or heterogeneous data. By bridging purely data-driven machine learning with fundamental geodetic principles, this work paves the way for future advancements in physics-informed machine learning-based geodetic modeling.
Jiang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.