A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effectiveness and Safety of Tranexamic Acid for Postpartum Haemorrhage in Patients with Haemorrhagic Disorders

Background: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) remains the leading cause of maternal mortality globally. Women with inherited or unexplained bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease (VWD), factor XI deficiency (FXI), platelet function disorders, or bleeding disorder of unknown cause (BDUC) face a higher risk. While tranexamic acid (TXA) is routinely used in obstetric care, its specific efficacy and safety in these populations remain unclear. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251082349). Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Dimensions. Studies evaluating TXA for PPH prevention or treatment in women with bleeding disorders were included. Six cohort studies (2016–2024) involving 213 deliveries met the criteria. Three contributed to a meta-analysis on primary PPH; the other three were synthesised narratively. Results: TXA use was associated with a 56% reduction in primary PPH risk (risk ratio 0.44; 95% CI: 0.27–0.70; p = 0.0007), with no observed heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). Because contributing cohorts were phenotypically heterogeneous (BDUC, FXI, mixed), the pooled effect reflects an average across disorders rather than disorder-specific efficacy. TXA also appeared to reduce secondary and severe PPH in some cohorts. However, bleeding occurred in 26–36% of high-risk deliveries despite prophylaxis. No maternal deaths or thromboembolic events were reported in 136 TXA-exposed cases. Attribution was complicated by concurrent use of desmopressin and platelet transfusions. Most studies had moderate to severe bias. Conclusions: TXA significantly lowers the risk of primary PPH in women with bleeding disorders and appears safe. Despite this, residual bleeding underscores the need for trials to optimise TXA use alongside disease-specific strategies. However, this conclusion is derived from only six observational studies with heterogeneous patient populations and co-interventions. The evidence remains preliminary and should be interpreted cautiously. TXA should be considered as part of a multimodal postpartum haemorrhage management algorithm rather than a stand-alone therapy.