Advancements in the Bio-efficacy of Gold-based Complexes: A Comprehensive Review of Synthetic Approach and Therapeutic Potential

Gold-based compounds have emerged as promising candidates in medicinal chemistry due to their unique physicochemical properties and broad therapeutic potential. This review highlights recent developments in gold (I), gold (III), and gold-nanomaterial systems, emphasizing their anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and neuroprotective activities. Key mechanisms include redox modulation, enzyme inhibition, and targeted biomolecular interactions. Advances in gold-polymer composites and nanoscale architectures have improved stability, selectivity, and controlled drug release, expanding their relevance in precision medicine. Clinically progressing platforms such as gold nanocrystals, nanoshell photothermal agents, and nucleic-acid-functionalized constructs underscore their translational promise. Additionally, diverse synthetic strategies and structure-activity insights demonstrate the advantages of gold over other metals. Conclusively, this review outlines gold's growing impact on therapeutic innovation and biomedical research.