The Time–Space–Mass Continuum: A Relational Triangle

We propose a relational framework in which time, space, and mass are treated as three fundamentaland irreducible Beings whose physical significance arises exclusively from their mutualrelations. This framework, termed the Time–Space–Mass Continuum, extends the conventionaltime–space continuum by assigning mass an equal ontological status. The relational structureis organized as a triangle, with each pairwise relation characterized by an observer-independentconstant: the time–space relation by c m s−1, the mass–space relation by ˆg = G/c2 m kg−1,and the mass–time relation by ˆh = ℏ/c2 kg s. These constants are interpreted as rigid measuresof relational structure rather than as limits or coupling parameters. Relativistic, gravitational,and quantum phenomena emerge as complementary projections of the same underlying triadicstructure. Mass is not treated as point-like, leading to a finite-core behavior of the mass–spacerelation and the avoidance of curvature singularities. Matter appears as a relational state ratherthan a fundamental entity, with wave–particle duality, quantum phase, spin, and CPT symmetryarising from relational orientation and projection. The longstanding problem of time in quantummechanics is reinterpreted as a mismatch of ontological levels, which becomes transparentonce time is recognized as a fundamental Being.