Genetic diversity and structure of an endangered shrub distributed in the Alxa-Ordos region of northwestern China

Context Ammopiptanthus mongolicus is an endangered evergreen shrub distributed primarily in the Alxa-Ordos region in northwestern China, requiring urgent conservation efforts. Aims This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of A. mongolicus across its natural range, to develop effective conservation strategies. Methods Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci obtained by double-digest restriction site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing were used to estimate the genetic diversity and structure of the species for designing effective conservation strategies. Key results A moderate level of genetic diversity (mean He = 0.17) was detected for the species, and 15 sampled populations were clustered into three genetic groups by genetic structure analysis. Conclusions The moderate gene flow may have helped A. mongolicus maintain a moderate level of genetic diversity, while small population sizes, restricted pollen and seed dispersal, and geographic isolation may have contributed primarily to the observed genetic differentiation for the genetic groups. Implications Based on the results, we provided useful conservation strategies for this species.