This paper presents a robust multistage optimization framework for the integration of composite laminates into the car body shell of a low-floor light rail vehicle (LRV). While structural design in low-floor vehicles is typically complex, this methodology successfully balances both static and dynamic requirements through a sequential optimization process. Developed in strict accordance with reference European standards, the methodology addresses the structural challenges inherent in low-floor architectures, where complex load paths and redistributed equipment masses require targeted reinforcement. The proposed approach sequentially addresses dynamic and static requirements through a structural optimization process. Two distinct 10-ply laminate configurations, one symmetric and one asymmetric, were investigated. The results demonstrate that the multistage optimization successfully converged to a highly mass-efficient solution, achieving a 66% reduction in laminate thickness compared to the baseline design. This significant result was accomplished while maintaining full regulatory compliance; the failure index increased by approximately 22.5% and 23.3% for the two composite laminate configurations, respectively, effectively maximizing material utilization. A key finding of this study is the preservation of structural dynamic integrity; the fundamental natural frequency was maintained at approximately 16 Hz, with a high correlation across the first ten vibration modes, confirming that the global dynamic behaviour remains unaffected. These observations provide critical insights into the synergy between hybridization and structural constraints, suggesting a systematic pathway for designers to achieve an optimal trade-off between manufacturing costs, weight reduction, and performance in advanced urban transit platforms.
Cascino et al. (Thu,) studied this question.