Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping gastrointestinal (GI) surgery by enhancing decision-making, intraoperative performance, and postoperative management. The integration of AI-driven systems is enabling more precise, data-informed, and personalized surgical interventions. This review provides a state-of-the-art overview of AI applications in GI surgery, organized into four key domains: surgical simulation, surgical computer vision, surgical data science, and surgical robot autonomy. A comprehensive narrative review of the literature was conducted, identifying relevant studies of technological developments in this field. In the domain of surgical simulation, AI enables virtual surgical planning and patient-specific digital twins for training and preoperative strategy. Surgical computer vision leverages AI to improve intraoperative scene understanding, anatomical segmentation, and workflow recognition. Surgical data science translates multimodal surgical data into predictive analytics and real-time decision support, enhancing safety and efficiency. Finally, surgical robot autonomy explores the progressive integration of AI for intelligent assistance and autonomous functions to augment human performance in minimally invasive and robotic procedures. Surgical AI has demonstrated significant potential across different domains, fostering precision, reproducibility, and personalization in GI surgery. Nevertheless, challenges remain in data quality, model generalizability, ethical governance, and clinical validation. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration will be crucial to translating AI from promising prototypes to routine, safe, and equitable surgical practice.
Pescio et al. (Sat,) studied this question.