Mitigating Lithium Dendrite Growth through Anode Material Selection and Optimization in Lithium Metal Batteries

Lithium dendrite growth in lithium metal batteries (LMBs) causes capacity loss, short circuits, and thermal runaway. This study explores anode material optimization and structural design to mitigate dendrite formation. Freestanding Li membranes fabricated with lignin- containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNF) and MXene form a robust, low- porosity structure that suppresses dendrites. Three-dimensional (3D) current collectors homogenize electric fields and regulate Li-ion flux, stabilizing Li deposition. An artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer based on sp²- hybridized covalent organic frameworks (COFs) enhances interfacial conductivity and promotes uniform Li⁺ distribution. A dual-layer gel electrolyte further improves mechanical stability and dendrite inhibition. These integrated strategies address unstable SEI layers and uneven Li deposition, collectively enhancing cycling stability and safety in LMBs. The work highlights material innovation and structural engineering as critical pathways for advancing high-performance energy storage systems.