Abstract Architecture in the twenty-first century faces unprecedented challenges, ranging from climate change and resource scarcity to social fragmentation and technological acceleration. Conventional approaches often isolate sustainability, aesthetics, or functionality, but a holistic perspective seeks to integrate these dimensions into a unified framework. This paper explores holistic architecture as a paradigm that bridges human well-being, ecological balance, and technological innovation. Drawing upon interdisciplinary literature, case studies from Europe, Asia, and Africa, and comparative analysis of vernacular and contemporary practices, the study highlights how holistic design principles foster resilience, inclusivity, and spiritual meaning in built environments. The methodology combines qualitative analysis of architectural theory with case-based evaluation of sustainable projects. Findings suggest that holistic architecture not only enhances environmental performance but also strengthens cultural identity and social cohesion. Ultimately, the paper argues for a paradigm shift in architectural education and practice toward holistic intelligence, positioning architecture as a medium of civilizational renewal.
Seyed Morteza Moossavi (Tue,) studied this question.